Adder Technology AdderView CATx EPS-S8 - Manual (Page 102)

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0
Net masks - the binary explanation
To.really.understand.the.operation.of.a.net.mask.it.is.necessary.to.delve.deeper.
into.the.life.blood.of.computers.–.binary;.this.is.native.digital,.where.everything.
is.either.a.1.(one).or.0.(zero),.on.or.off,.yes.or.no..
The.net.mask.operation.described.on.the.
previous page .is.known.as.a.‘bit-wise.
AND.function’..The.example.of.255.255.255.0.is.handy.because.the.last.octet.
is.completely.zero.and.is.“clean”.for.illustrative.purposes..However,.actual.net.
mask.calculations.are.carried.out,.not.on.whole.decimal.numbers,.but.bit.by.bit.
on.binary.numbers,.hence.the.term.‘bit-wise’..In.a.real.local.network,.a.net.mask.
might.be.
255.255.255.240..Such.an.example.would.no.longer.be.quite.so.clear,.
until.you.look.at.the.net.mask.in.its.binary.form:
. 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11110000
In.this.case,.the.four.zeroes.at.the.end.of.the.net.mask.indicate.that.the.local.
part.of.the.address.is.formed.by.only.the.last.four.bits..If.you.use.the.diagram.
from.the.previous.example.and.insert.the.new.net.mask,.it.will.have.the.
following.effect.on.the.final.result:
192
192
168
168
142
142
154
154
144
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1110 0 0 0
144
Thus,.when.154.is.bit-wise ANDed.with.240,.the.result.is.144..Likewise,.any.
local.address.from.192.168.142.
144.through.to.192.168.142.159.would.
produce.exactly.the.same.result.when.combined.with.this.net.mask,.hence.they.
would.all.be.local.addresses..However,.any.difference.in.the.upper.three.octets.
or.the.upper.four.bits.of.the.last.octet.would.slip.through.the.mask.and.the.
address.would.be.flagged.as.not.being.local.....
Inside a bit-wise AND function
When.you.“open.up”.the.last.octet.
of.the.net.mask.and.look.at.the.
binary.inside,.you.can.see.the.last.
four.zero.bits.preventing.any.1’s.in.
the.address.from.falling.through..
Decimal octet prior to AND
operation with net mask
Binary equivalent of 
Binary octet after AND
operation with net mask
Decimal equivalent of 000000