Dayton Audio ND91-4 3-1 - Manual

Introduction
Large Signal Modeling
At higher amplitudes, loudspeakers produce substantial distortion in the output signal, generated by
nonlinear ties inherent in the transducer. The dominant nonlinear distortions are predictable and are
closely related with the general principle, particular design, material properties and assembling
techniques of the loudspeaker. The Klippel Distortion Analyzer combines nonlinear measurement
techniques with computer simulation to explain the generation of the nonlinear distortions, to identify
their physical causes and to give suggestion for constructional improvements. Better insight into the
nonlinear mechanisms makes it possible to further optimize the transducer in respect with sound
quality, weight, size and cost.
Nonlinear Characteristics
The dominant nonlinearities are modelled by variable parameters such as
More information about these parameters can be found in the article “Displacement limits”
Klippel Non-Linear Test
Results
LSI (Large Signal
Identification)
Model: ND91-4
Bl(x) instantaneous electro-dynamic coupling factor (force factor of the
motor) defined by the integral of the magnetic flux density B over
voice coil length l as a function of displacement
KMS(x) mechanical stiffness of driver suspension a function of
displacement
LE(i) voice coil inductance as a function of input current (describes
nonlinear permeability of the iron path)
LE(x) voice coil inductance as a function of displacement