Lincoln Electric Welder - Manual (Page 9)

7
cracks will appear as the weld cools
and shrinkage stresses develop.
Hot cracking can be prevented by
adjusting the composition of the
base material and filler material to
obtain a microstructure with a small
amount of ferrite in the austenite
matrix. The ferrite provides ferrite-
austenite grain boundaries which are
able to control the sulfur and
phosphorous compounds so they do
not permit hot cracking. This
problem could be avoided by
reducing the S and P to very low
amounts, but this would increase
significantly the cost of making the
steel.
Normally a ferrite level of 4 FN
minimum is recommended to avoid
hot cracking. Ferrite is best
determined by measurement with a
magnetic instrument calibrated to
AWS A4.2 or ISO 8249. It can also
be estimated from the composition of
the base material and filler material
with the use of any of several consti-
tution diagrams. The oldest of these
is the 1948 Schaeffler Diagram. The
Cr equivalent (% Cr + % Mo + 1.5 x
% Si + 0.5 x % Cb) is plotted on
E310-XX welds on heavy plate tend
to be more crack sensitive than
E309-XX weld metals.
Free Machining Grades
(303, 303Se)
Production welding of these grades
is not recommended because the
sulfur or selenium and phosphorus
cause severe porosity and hot short
cracking.
If welding is necessary, special E312-
XX or E309-XX electrodes are
recommended because their high
ferrite reduces cracking tendencies.
Use techniques that reduce
admixture of base metal into the
weld metal and produce convex
bead shapes.
3.3.2 HOT CRACKING:
Hot cracking is caused by low
melting materials such as metallic
compounds of sulfur and
phosphorous which tend to penetrate
grain boundaries. When these
compounds are present in the weld
or heat affected zone, they will
penetrate grain boundaries and
processing equipment. 316 and
316L are welded with AWS E316L-
XX electrodes.
316L and 317L are ELC grades that
must be welded with ELC type
electrodes to maintain resistance to
carbide precipitation. 317 and 317L
are generally welded with E317 or
E317L electrodes respectively. They
can be welded with AWS E316-XX
electrode, but the welds are slightly
lower in molybdenum content than
the base metal with a corresponding
lower corrosion resistance.
When hot oxidizing acids are
encountered in service, E316,
E316L, E317 or E317L welds may
have poor corrosion resistance in the
as-welded condition. In such cases,
E309 or E309Cb electrodes may be
better. As an alternative, the following
heat treatment will restore corrosion
resistance to the weld:
1. For 316 or 317 – full anneal at
1950-2050°F (1066-1121°C).
2. For 316L and 317L – stress relieve
at 1600°F (871°C).
High Temperature Grades
(302B, 304H, 309,
309S, 310, 310S)
These high alloy grades
maintain strength at high
temperatures and have
good scaling resistance.
They are primarily used
in industrial equipment at
high service
temperatures –
sometimes over 2000°F
(1093°C).
AWS E310-XX
electrodes are needed to
match the high
temperature properties
and scaling resistance of
grades 310 and 310S.
302B and 309 grades
are generally welded
with E309-XX
electrodes. 304H is
generally welded with
E308H-XX electrodes.
E310-XX electrodes can
be used on light plate.
Cr
eq
= Cr + Mo + 0.7Cb
Ni
eq
=
Ni
+
35C
+
20N
+
0.25Cu
FIGURE 2 — New 1992 WRC diagram including solidification mode boundaries.
(Updated from T.A. Siewert, C.N. McCowan and D.L. Olson – Welding Journal,
December 1988 by D.J. Kotecki and T.A. Siewert - Welding Journal, May 1992.)