Welch Allyn A Guide To The Use Of Diagnostic Instruments In Eye And Ear Examinations - Quick Reference Guide - Manual (Page 7)

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Common Pathologies of the Eye
NORMAL FUNDUS
Disc: Outline clear; central physiological cup is pale
Retina: Normal red/orange color, macula is dark; avascular
area temporally
Vessels: Arterial/venous ratio 2 to 3; the arteries appear a bright
red, the veins a slightly purplish color
HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
Disc: Outline clear
Retina: Exudates and flame hemorrhages
Vessels: Attenuated arterial reflex
HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
(ADVANCED MALIGNANT)
Disc: Elevated, edematous disc; blurred disc margins
Retina: Prominent flame hemorrhages surrounding vessels
near disc border
Vessels: Attenuated retinal arterioles
CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
Disc: Virtually obscured by edema and hemorrhages
Retina: Extensive blot retinal hemorrhages in all quadrants
to periphery
Vessels: Dilated tortuous veins; vessels partially obscured
by hemorrhages
INFERIOR BRANCH RETINAL ARTERY
OCCLUSION DUE TO EMBOLUS
Disc: Prominent embolus at retinal artery bifurcation
Retina: Inferior retina shows pale, milky edema; superior
retina is normal
Vessels: Inferior arteriole tree greatly attenuated and irregular;
superior vessel is normal
NONPROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Disc: Normal
Retina: Numerous scattered exudates and hemorrhages
Vessels: Mild dilation of retinal veins