Campbell Scientific RF401-series and RF430-series Spread Spectrum Data Radios/Modems - Manual (Page 83)

Appendix H. Distance vs. Antenna
Gain, Terrain, and Other Factors
You may test the radio communications by using the 21107 900
MHz Spread Spectrum Demo Kit; contact Campbell Scientific for
more information.
RF Path Examples
Distance
Achieved
(miles)
Antennas Path Between Radios
2
14204 OMNI ½ Wave 0 dBd* Whip
to
14204 OMNI ½ Wave 0 dBd Whip
Virtual line-of-sight on valley floor with
wetland foliage.
10
14204 OMNI ½ Wave 0 dBd Whip
to
14204 OMNI ½ Wave 0 dBd Whip
Line-of-sight across a valley (on foothills
approximately 300 feet above the valley
floor on each end).
35
14204 OMNI ½ Wave 0 dBd Whip
to
14201 9 dBd YAGI
Line-of-sight across a valley (on foothills
approximately 300 feet above the valley
floor on each end).
* dBd = decibel level compared to a simple dipole antenna
LINE-OF-SIGHT
You should arrange for a line-of-sight signal path between radios. At 900 MHz
or 2.4 GHz there is little signal bending, however, there is reflection from hills,
water, and conductive objects. Sometimes reflections provide a helpful path
around an obstacle. There can be some trees and bushes in the signal path
(with reduction in signal strength), but a hill will block the signal effectively.
Thick trees can limit range to as little as 800 feet. Where possible avoid
buildings and other man-made structures in the signal path as they absorb or
reflect some of the direct wave, possibly below the level needed for
communications.
ANTENNA HEIGHT
In situations where the radio antennas are situated virtually line-of-sight, the
elevation of antennas (by choice of site or by installing a tower or mast) can
substantially increase signal strengths. The amount of increase depends on
factors in the propagation path between the radios including terrain, foliage,
and man-made structures. Elevating one or both of the antennas essentially
raises the signal path allowing the direct wave to better avoid absorption or
reflection which can sometimes be more helpful than adding higher gain
antennas.
GAIN ANTENNAS
Increasing antenna gains improves signal strength and distance. For example,
the substitution of a 9 dBd yagi antenna where a 0 dBd omnidirectional existed
NOTE
H-1