Nikon AF-S DX Micro- NIKKOR 40mm f-2.8G - Manual (Page 16)

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■ Reproduction Ratio
The reproduction ratio is the ratio of the apparent size of an
object to its true size. If, for example, the image on the image
sensor is one-third of actual size, the reproduction ratio is 1 : 3.
If desired, the reproduction ratio can be selected using the
reproduction ratio indicator.
Example: Using the Reproduction Ratio Indicator
To shoot at a reproduction ratio of 1 : 3, select manual focus
and rotate the focus ring until the focus distance mark aligns
with the number “3” in the reproduction ratio indicator, then
move the camera forward or back until the subject is in focus.
■ Close ups and Reproduction Work
To prevent blur caused by camera shake, mount the camera
on a tripod and use a cable release or remote cord. Close ups
are generally associated with extremely shallow field depths;
for greater depths of field, stop down the lens, choose longer
exposure times, and position the camera so that the focal
plane is parallel to the portion of the subject you wish to
photograph. When using a lens hood, be careful that the
hood does not touch the subject.
■ Exposure Factor
The lens f-number indicates the brightness of the subject at a
focus distance of infinity; higher reproduction ratios result in
reduced subject brightness. The actual brightness is referred
to as the “effective f-number”, and the amount that exposure
compensation has to be raised to account for the loss in
brightness as the “exposure factor”.