Document Outline

• Contents
• Chapter 1: Getting started with Adobe Premiere Elements
  • What to do first
    • Check the system requirements
    • Install the software
    • Register
    • ReadMe file
    • Sign up with your Adobe ID
    • New and enhanced features
  • Using Help and getting support
    • Learning Adobe Premiere Elements
    • Using Adobe Premiere Elements Help
    • How do I get customer support?
  • Converting a catalog from a previous version
    • Show Previously Converted Catalogs
  • About Backing up/Synchronizing files
    • Back up/Synchronize files
    • View Backup/Synchronization activity status
    • Start backup and synchronization activity manually
  • Working in Elements Organizer and Adobe Premiere Elements Editor
  • Importing and organizing photos and video
    • Use the Media Downloader to download files
    • Use video capture device
    • Organizing your photos and video clips
    • Create an album
    • Finding photos and video clips
    • Find the actual file of a media clip
  • Troubleshooting tips
• Chapter 2: Adobe Premiere Elements workspace
  • About the workspace
    • Welcome screen
      • Disable tracking of information
    • Getting started with your Adobe ID
      • Create an Adobe ID
      • Sign in with your Adobe ID
      • View your videos on Photoshop.com
      • Launch the Inspiration Browser
    • Workspace overview
    • Customizing the workspace
      • Display and hide docking headers
      • Display and hide panels
      • Dock panels
      • Open a panel in a floating window
      • Resize a panel
      • Open panel menus
      • Restore the default workspace
      • Adjust panel brightness
    • Examine or remove an alert
  • Panel overviews
    • Tasks panel overview
      • Organize workspace
      • Edit workspace
      • Disc Menus workspace
      • Share workspace
    • Monitor panel overview
    • Timeline and Sceneline overview
    • Info panel overview
• Chapter 3: Projects
  • Creating a new project
    • About projects
    • Start a new project
    • Open a project
  • Creating an InstantMovie project
    • About InstantMovie projects and themes
    • Create an InstantMovie
      • Create an InstantMovie from the Organize workspace
      • Apply a theme to an existing project
      • Theme properties
    • Edit an InstantMovie
      • Break apart an InstantMovie
      • Replace a clip in an InstantMovie
  • Viewing a project’s files
    • Project view overview
      • Display and arrange media items
      • Change the display of thumbnails
      • Designate a clip frame as a poster frame
      • Organize clips in folders
      • Organize clips with color labels
      • Play back a clip in Project view
    • Rename a source file in a project
    • Find an item in a project
    • Locate missing files for a project
    • Delete a clip
  • Viewing clip properties
    • See an overview of basic clip properties
    • View comprehensive file information
    • Customize List view properties
      • Specify which properties appear in List view
      • Adjust columns in List view
    • View details about effect properties
  • Project settings and presets
    • About project settings and presets
    • Create or change project presets
      • Select a project preset
      • Change the settings of an open project
    • Check your project’s settings
      • NTSC vs PAL presets
      • General settings
      • Capture settings
      • Video Rendering settings
  • Undoing changes
    • Undo changes incrementally
    • Undo any previous change
  • Saving and backing up projects
    • Save a project
    • Back up a project with Auto Save
    • Open a project saved by Auto Save
  • Working with scratch disks
    • About scratch disks
    • Types of scratch disks
    • Set up a scratch disk
    • Maximizing scratch disk performance
• Chapter 4: Capturing video
  • Getting ready to capture
    • What you need to capture video
    • Connect your camcorder to your computer
    • Prepare a project for video capture
    • About timecode
  • Capture video
    • Capture panel overview
    • Capture footage using device control
      • Capture video
      • Change device control settings
    • Capture footage without device control
    • Analyze content at capture using Auto-Analyzer
    • Split scenes by timecode or content change
    • Converting analog video to digital video
  • Capture stop-motion and time-lapse video
    • About stop-motion and time-lapse video
    • Capture stop-motion video
    • Stop and start a stop-motion capture
    • Capture time-lapse video
    • Delete the previous stop-motion or time-lapse frame
    • Preview a stop-motion or time-lapse movie
    • Stop Motion preferences
• Chapter 5: Importing and adding media
  • Adding files to a project
    • Getting media into your project
    • Add files using the Media Downloader
    • Add files from your hard drive
    • Add numbered still-image files as a single clip
    • Set duration for imported still images
      • Change the default duration for still images
      • Set a unique duration for a still image
    • Supported file types for import
      • Supported video formats
      • Supported still-image formats
      • Supported audio formats
      • Activate a component for import
    • Guidelines for adding files
      • Guidelines for adding video files
      • Guidelines for adding audio files
      • Guidelines for adding still image files
      • Guidelines for adding an animation or still-image sequence
  • Using files from Photoshop Elements
    • Sharing files between Adobe Premiere Elements and Adobe Photoshop Elements
    • Create a Photoshop file
  • Creating specialty clips
    • Create a universal counting leader
    • Add color bars and a 1-kHz tone
    • Create and add a black video clip
    • Create a colored matte for a background
    • Change the tone level of clips
  • Working with offline files
    • About offline files
    • Edit an offline file
    • Replace an offline file with a file on your computer
  • Working with aspect ratios and field options
    • Understanding aspect ratios
      • Frame aspect ratio
      • Pixel aspect ratio
    • Capturing or adding various aspect ratios
    • View a project’s aspect ratio
    • Adjust pixel aspect ratio for a still image or source clip
    • Use square-pixel files in a D1 or DV project
    • Set field options for imported interlaced video
  • 5.1 audio import
    • Drag clips to the Monitor window
    • Insert clips from the Project view
• Chapter 6: Managing clips with the Organizer
  • View clips in Elements Organizer
    • Preview files in Elements Organizer
    • Show all media files in the Organize workspace
    • View tags, star ratings, and other details in the Organizer
  • Finding files in Elements Organizer
    • Find files by album, project, or tags
      • Find files in Elements Organizer
      • Find files in the Organize workspace
    • Find clips by star ratings
    • Find clips by media type
    • Find clips within a date range
    • Sort clips by date
  • Tagging files
    • Tagging media files using Elements Organizer
    • Preview files in Elements Organizer
    • Attach tags to or remove tags from files
      • Attach tags in the Organize workspace
      • Attach tags in Elements Organizer
      • To remove a tag
    • Auto-Analyzer
      • Applying smart tags during capture
      • Applying Smart Tags
      • Applying Smart Tags while creating an InstantMovie project
    • Create, edit, and delete keyword tags and tag categories
  • Grouping files in the Elements Organizer
    • About multiple scene groups
    • About stacks
      • Remove files from a stack from the Organize workspace
      • Specify the top photo in a stack from the Organize workspace
    • View all files in a scene group or stack
  • Creating albums
    • About albums
    • Create an album or an album group
  • Creating and editing smart albums
    • About smart albums
    • Create a smart album
    • Remove files from an album
  • Backup and synchronize albums and files
    • Backup/synchronize files
• Chapter 7: Arranging clips in a movie
  • Arranging clips in the Sceneline
    • Sceneline overview
    • Adding clips in the Sceneline
      • Place a clip in the Sceneline
      • Insert a clip before another in the Sceneline
      • Insert a clip after another in the Sceneline
      • Insert one clip into another in the Sceneline
    • Move a clip in the Sceneline
    • Delete a clip in the Sceneline
  • Creating a slide show
    • Create a slide show
    • Expand or close grouped slide shows
    • Ungroup a slide show
    • Edit a slide show created in Photoshop Elements
  • Creating a picture-in-picture overlay
    • Create a picture-in-picture overlay
    • Delete a picture-in-picture overlay
  • Arranging clips in the Timeline
    • Timeline overview
      • Timeline tracks
      • Timeline tools
      • Move through the Timeline
      • Zoom in or out of the Timeline time ruler
    • Add clips to the Timeline
      • Insert a clip, shifting clips on all tracks in the Timeline
      • Insert a clip, shifting clips on only the target and linked tracks in the Timeline
      • Overlay a clip in the Timeline
      • Place one clip above another in the Timeline
      • Copy and paste clips in the Timeline
    • Replace a clip in the Timeline
    • Select, move, align, and delete clips in the Timeline
      • Select clips in the Timeline
      • Move a clip in the Timeline
      • Align clips by using the Snap option
      • Delete a clip in the Timeline or Sceneline
      • Delete empty space between clips in the Timeline
    • Create a duplicate clip in the Timeline
    • View the duration of selected clips in the Timeline
    • Customize Timeline tracks
      • Add a track to the Timeline
      • Resize tracks
      • Rename a track
      • Delete empty tracks from the Timeline
      • Customize how clips display in the Timeline
  • Grouping, linking, and disabling clips
    • Group and ungroup clips
    • Link video and audio clips
      • Link and unlink video and audio clips
      • Delete only the audio or video portion of a linked clip
    • Synchronize linked clips
    • Enable and disable clips
  • Working with clip and timeline markers
    • About clip and timeline markers
    • Add clip and timeline markers
      • Add a marker to a source clip or clip instance
      • Add a marker to the Timeline
    • Insert comments, chapter information, or URL links in a timeline marker
    • Move and delete markers
      • Move a marker
      • Delete a timeline marker
      • Delete a clip marker
      • Clear all markers
    • Go to a clip or timeline marker in the Timeline
  • Previewing movies
    • Preview a movie in the Monitor panel
      • Preview one clip from the Sceneline
      • Zoom in or out of Monitor panel’s mini-timeline
      • Scroll the Timeline during preview
      • View safe zones in the Monitor panel
    • Preview in full-screen mode
      • Preview a movie in full-screen mode
      • Pause, reverse, and advance a full-screen preview
      • Exit full-screen mode
    • Preview on a TV monitor
    • Background rendering
      • Enable background rendering
      • Delete rendered files
    • Render an area for preview
      • Set the area to be rendered
      • Render a preview
    • Delete preview files
• Chapter 8: Editing clips
  • Trimming clips
    • About trimming and retrieving clips
    • About Smart trimming
      • Manual Smart Trim
      • Automatic Smart Trim
      • Smart Trim options
    • Trim a clip from the Sceneline
      • Trim a clip in the Monitor panel
      • Remove frames from the middle of a clip
      • Retrieve frames in the Monitor panel
      • Zoom in and out of the Monitor panel mini-timeline
    • Trim in the Timeline
      • Trim clips in the Timeline
      • Remove frames from the middle of a clip in the Timeline
      • Retrieve frames in the Timeline
      • Extend audio before or after linked video
    • Trim in the Preview window
      • Preview a clip in the Preview window
      • Trim a clip in the Preview window
      • Retrieve frames in the Preview window
      • Zoom in and out in the Preview window
    • Split clips
      • Split a clip
      • Split layered clips
    • Replace footage
  • Changing clip speed and duration
    • Change a clip’s speed
      • Change a clip’s speed by using the Time Stretch tool
      • Change a clip’s speed by using the Time Stretch command
      • Change the speed and duration of multiple clips
    • Set the duration of a clip
    • Reverse the playback of a clip
  • Freezing and holding frames
    • Export a video frame
    • Hold a video frame
    • Play and then hold a frame (or hold and then play)
  • Working with source clips
    • Find the source of a clip
    • Remove In and Out points from a source clip
    • Edit a clip in its original application
    • Edit video frames in Photoshop Elements
    • SmartFix
• Chapter 9: Applying transitions
  • Transition basics
    • How transitions work
    • GPU-accelerated transitions
  • Applying transitions to clips
    • Previewing transitions
    • Specify a default transition
    • Apply transitions in the Sceneline
      • Apply a double-sided transition in the Sceneline
      • Apply a single-sided transition in the Sceneline
    • Apply transitions in the Timeline
      • Apply a double-sided transition in the Timeline
      • Apply a single-sided transition in the Timeline
      • Apply a default transition in the Timeline
    • Replace a transition
    • Preview applied transitions
      • Preview in the Monitor panel
      • Preview in the Properties view of the Tasks panel
      • View transitions in the Sceneline and Timeline
  • Create specialty transitions
    • Create an Image Mask transition
      • Apply an Image Mask transition
      • Change the image for an Image Mask transition
    • Create a Gradient Wipe transition
      • Apply a Gradient Wipe transition
      • Change the image for a Gradient Wipe transition
  • Adjusting transitions
    • Adjusting transition properties
    • Adjust transition alignment
      • Determine alignment options
      • Adjust alignment for a transition
    • Move a cut and transition together
    • Adjust transition duration
    • Set a default duration for transitions
    • Adjust the center point of a transition
    • Copy and paste transitions in the Timeline
• Chapter 10: Applying effects
  • Effects basics
    • About effects
    • Standard versus fixed effects
    • Third-party effects
  • Finding and organizing effects
    • Find an effect
    • Add effects to the Favorites folder
    • Organize effect presets
    • Rename or delete a custom folder
  • Applying and removing effects
    • Apply and preview effects
      • Apply and preview a video effect
      • Apply an audio effect
    • Copy and paste effects
      • Copy and paste specific effects
      • Copy and paste all effects
      • View keyframes in copied effects
    • Remove an effect
    • Remove all effects
    • Temporarily disable an effect in a clip
    • View the effects applied to a clip
  • Working with effect presets
    • Effect presets
    • Apply an effect preset
    • Create an effect preset
  • Changing effect properties
    • Properties view
    • Reorder effects
    • Adjust effect properties
    • Reset an effect to its default properties
  • Reposition, scale, or rotate clips with the Motion effect
    • Adjust a clip’s position
    • Scale a clip
    • Use a clip at its original size
    • Rotate a clip
    • Adjust a clip’s anchor point
  • Superimposing and transparency
    • About superimposing and transparency
    • Adjust opacity
    • Keying out color
    • Create transparency with Videomerge
    • Create transparency with a keying effect
    • Create transparency with the Track Matte Key effect
    • Hide unwanted objects with a garbage matte
    • Invert or hide alpha channels
  • Selecting colors for effects and mattes
    • Select a color with the Eyedropper tool
    • Select a color with the Adobe Color Picker
      • Specify a color using the Adobe Color Picker color spectrum and color field
      • Specify a color numerically with the Adobe Color Picker
      • Color components in the Adobe Color Picker
  • Effects reference
    • Gallery of video effects
    • Adjust
      • Auto Color, Auto Contrast, and Auto Levels
      • Brightness & Contrast
      • Channel Mixer
      • Extract
      • Image Control
      • Lighting Effects
      • Posterize
      • Shadow/Highlight
    • Blur and sharpen
      • Antialias
      • Fast Blur
      • Gaussian Blur
      • Ghosting
      • Sharpen
    • Channel
      • Invert
    • Distort
      • Bend
      • Corner Pin
      • Lens Distortion
      • Mirror
      • Polar Coordinates
      • Ripple
      • Spherize
      • Transform
      • Twirl
      • Wave Warp
    • GPU Effects
      • About GPU effects
      • Page Curl
      • Refraction
      • Ripple (Circular)
    • Generate
      • Lens Flare
    • Image control
      • Black & White
      • Color Balance (HLS)
      • Color Balance (RGB)
      • Color Match
      • Color Pass
      • Color Replace
      • Gamma Correction
      • Tint
    • Keying
      • Alpha Adjust
      • Blue Screen Key and Green Screen Key
      • Chroma Key
      • Difference Matte effect
      • Garbage Matte (Four-Point, Eight-Point, and Sixteen-Point)
      • Image Matte Key effect
      • Luma Key effect
      • Non Red Key
      • Remove Matte effect
      • RGB Difference Key effect
      • Track Matte Key
    • NewBlue Art Effects Elements
      • Airbrush
      • Colorize
      • Line Drawing
      • Metallic
      • Pastel Sketch
    • NewBlue Film Look
      • Old Film
    • NewBlue Motion Effects Elements
      • Active Camera
      • Earthquake
      • Shear Energy
      • Zoom Blur
    • Perspective
      • Basic 3D
      • Bevel Alpha
      • Bevel Edges
      • Drop Shadow
    • Pixelate
      • Facet
    • Render
      • Lightning
      • Ramp
    • Video Stabilizer
      • Stabilizer
    • Stylize
      • Alpha Glow
      • Color Emboss
      • Emboss
      • Find Edges
      • Mosaic
      • Noise
      • Replicate
      • Solarize
      • Strobe Light
      • Texturize
    • Time
      • Echo
      • Posterize Time
    • Transform
      • Camera View
      • Clip
      • Crop
      • Edge Feather
      • Horizontal Flip
      • Horizontal Hold
      • Roll
      • Vertical Flip
      • Vertical Hold
    • Videomerge
    • Audio effects
      • Balance
      • Bass
      • Channel Volume
      • Delay
      • DeNoiser
      • Dynamics
      • Fill Left, Fill Right
      • Highpass, Lowpass
      • Invert
      • Notch
      • PitchShifter
      • Reverb
      • Swap Channels
      • Treble
      • Volume
• Chapter 11: Animating effects
  • Effect animation basics
    • About keyframes
    • Display and edit keyframes
      • Display keyframes in the Properties view of the Tasks panel
      • Display keyframes in the Timeline
  • Adding, copying, and removing keyframes
    • Add keyframes
      • Add keyframes in the Properties view
      • Add keyframes in the Timeline
    • Copy keyframes
      • Copy and paste keyframes in the Properties view
      • Copy and paste keyframes in the Timeline
    • Remove keyframes
      • Remove a keyframe
      • Remove all keyframes from an effect property
  • Adjusting keyframes
    • Select keyframes
    • Specify keyframe values
      • Specify keyframe values in the Properties view
      • Specify keyframe values in the Timeline
    • Move keyframes
  • Controlling change between keyframes
    • Controlling change with interpolation
    • Control the rate of change with Bezier interpolation
      • Add or adjust Bezier handles
      • Bezier interpolation methods
    • Identify a keyframe’s interpolation method
    • Change a keyframe’s interpolation method
  • Animating a clip’s position
    • Animate a clip
    • Animate the Opacity and Volume fixed effects
    • Adjust a clip’s motion path
  • Motion tracking effect
    • Motion Tracking unanalyzed clips from Organize workspace
    • Motion Tracking unanalyzed clips from Timeline/Sceneline
    • Motion Tracking analyzed clips
  • Effects Mask
    • Edit or delete an Effects Mask
• Chapter 12: Creating titles
  • Creating and trimming titles
    • Superimposing titles
    • Create a still title
    • Create a title with animated text
    • Create a rolling or crawling title
      • Create a rolling or crawling title
      • Set roll and crawl options
    • Create a title from a template
    • Trim titles
      • Trim all instances of a title
      • Trim an individual title instance from the Monitor panel
      • Trim an individual title instance from the Timeline
  • Editing and formatting text
    • Select a title for editing
    • Wrap text automatically
    • Set font, style, and size
      • Specify a font
      • Specify a font style
      • Change the font size
    • Set spacing, alignment, and orientation
      • Set the spacing between text characters
      • Set the spacing between lines of text
      • Change paragraph text alignment
      • Change text orientation
      • Reflow paragraph text
  • Applying styles to text and graphics
    • About styles
    • Create a style
    • Apply a style to an object
    • Delete, duplicate, rename, or set a style
  • Adding shapes and images to titles
    • Create shaped objects for titles
    • Add images to titles
      • Place an image into a title
      • Place an image in a text box
      • Restore an image to its original size or aspect ratio
  • Arranging objects in titles
    • Change stacking order
    • Center objects
    • Align and distribute objects
      • Align objects
      • Distribute objects
    • Transform objects
      • Adjust an object’s opacity
      • Move objects
      • Scale objects
      • Rotate objects
  • Adding color and shadows to titles
    • Apply color to title objects
      • Set the fill
      • Set the stroke
      • Gradient types
    • Create drop shadows
  • Designing titles for TV
    • Previewing titles on a TV monitor
    • Use Safe Title and Safe Action margins
      • Display or hide safe margins
      • Change the sizes of the safe margins
  • Exporting and importing titles
    • Export a title file
    • Import a title file
• Chapter 13: Adding and mixing audio
  • Using soundtracks
    • Add an audio soundtrack
    • Preview a soundtrack
    • Create beat markers for a soundtrack
    • Creating SmartSound tracks
  • Create narrations
    • Create a narration
      • Set up for narration
      • Narrate a clip
      • Replace or discard a narration
  • Mixing audio and adjusting volume
    • About audio mixing
    • Adjust volume and mix audio in the Audio Mixer
    • SmartMix
      • Change track types
      • Change SmartMix preferences
      • SmartMix audio clips
    • Audio Meters panel overview
    • Adjust volume in the Timeline
    • Adjust the input level of clips
    • Mute a clip
    • Fade volume in or out
• Chapter 14: Creating disc menus
  • Types of discs and menu options
    • About auto-play and menu-based discs
      • Auto-play discs
      • Menu-based discs
  • Working with menu markers
    • Understanding menu markers
      • Main menu markers
      • Scene markers
      • Stop markers
    • Add scene markers automatically
    • Add menu, scene, or stop markers manually
      • Add a main menu marker or scene marker
      • Add a stop marker
    • Find a menu or scene marker
    • Move or delete a menu or scene marker
      • Move a marker
      • Delete a marker
    • Edit menu or scene marker attributes
  • Creating disc menus
    • About menu templates
    • Apply a disc menu template
    • Customize a menu template
      • Customize a menu background
      • Change the placement and size of menu items
      • Edit menu text and buttons
      • Specify text settings
      • Animate buttons
    • Switch to a different menu template
    • Change from a menu-based disc to an auto-play disc
  • Previewing menus
    • Preview Disc panel overview
    • Preview a menu-based DVD or Blu-ray Disc
• Chapter 15: Saving and sharing your movies
  • Sharing from the Tasks panel
  • Using Quick Share
    • Create a Quick Share preset
    • Use a Quick Share preset
  • Sharing to DVD or Blu-ray Disc
    • Disc burning
      • Burn to a DVD or Blu-ray Disc
      • Burn to a DVD folder
    • Disc burning guidelines and compatibility
      • Compatibility issues for DVDs
      • Video encoding for DVDs and Blu-ray Discs
      • Creating discs for different geographical regions
      • Guidelines for successful disc burning
  • Sharing for PC playback
    • Share a movie for playback on a personal computer
    • Export only audio
    • Export a frame as a still image
    • Export a frame to a JPEG image
    • Export clips as a sequence of still images
    • Export only audio using Share > Personal Computer command
    • Export video using Share > Personal Computer command
      • General export settings
      • Video export settings
      • Keyframe and Rendering export settings
      • Audio export settings
  • Sharing to the web
    • Share a movie on Photoshop.com
    • Share a movie on YouTube
    • Share a movie on your own website
  • Sharing to mobile phones and players
    • Share a movie to a mobile device
    • About mobile formats
  • Sharing to videotape
    • Share to videotape
      • Share to tape with device control
      • Share to tape without device control
      • Export to analog tape
    • Export To Tape options
  • Sharing to Video CD
    • Save to Video CD or Super Video CD
    • Video CD formats
  • Common settings for Sharing
    • Customize settings for sharing
    • Customize Advanced Share settings
      • Video settings
      • Audio settings
      • Multiplexing settings
    • Alternates and Audiences options
      • Specify QuickTime Alternates options
      • Specify Windows Media Audiences options
    • Activate a component for sharing
  • Supported file types for saving and exporting
    • Supported video formats for export
    • Supported still image formats for export
    • Supported sequence formats for export
    • Supported audio formats for export
  • Compression and data-rate basics
    • About compression
    • About data rate
    • About compression keyframes
  • Archiving projects
    • Archive a project
    • About archived projects
• Chapter 16: Adobe Premiere Elements keyboard shortcuts
  • Using default shortcuts
    • About keyboard shortcuts
    • Find the keyboard shortcut for a tool, button, or menu command
  • Customizing shortcuts
    • Create custom keyboard shortcuts
    • Remove shortcuts
    • Switch to a different set of shortcuts
• Chapter 17: Troubleshooting
  • Resources and guidelines
    • Resources for troubleshooting
    • Guidelines for troubleshooting
  • Capturing
    • DV camcorder goes into sleep mode
    • Video looks grainy, pixelated, or jumpy in the Capture panel
    • Camcorder isn’t identified in the Capture panel
  • Importing
    • Imported image looks cropped, stretched, or squeezed
    • Unable to import a file
    • Unable to import content from a DVD
    • Identify the contents of VOB files
  • Playing back and previewing
    • Playback of preview is jerky or slow
    • MPEG file plays back poorly, out of sync, too quickly, or without audio
    • Still images flicker during playback
    • Horizontal lines blur a video image
    • Display colors garbled
  • Creating a DVD
    • Burning takes longer than expected
    • Disc isn’t recognized by the burner
    • DVD plays on a computer but not on a TV
    • Can’t place more than one movie on a DVD
    • Encoding error occurs when burning to DVD
    • Fixing other disc-burning issues
• Chapter 18: Glossary
  • Digital imaging terms
    • Numerics
    • A
    • B
    • C
    • D
    • E
    • F
    • G
    • H
    • I
    • J
    • K
    • L
    • M
    • N
    • O
    • P
    • Q
    • R
    • S
    • T
    • U
    • V
    • W
    • Z