Digilent 410-292P-KIT - Manual (Page 20)

Nexys4 DDR™ FPGA Board Reference Manual
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Page 20 of 29
A scanning display controller circuit can be used to show an eight-digit number on this display. This circuit drives
the anode signals and corresponding cathode patterns of each digit in a repeating, continuous succession at an
update rate that is faster than the human eye can detect. Each digit is illuminated just one-eighth of the time, but
because the eye cannot perceive the darkening of a digit before it is illuminated again, the digit appears
continuously illuminated. If the update, or “refresh”, rate is slowed to around 45Hz, a flicker can be noticed in the
display.
For each of the four digits to appear bright and continuously illuminated, all eight digits should be driven once
every 1 to 16ms, for a refresh frequency of about 1 KHz to 60Hz. For example, in a 62.5Hz refresh scheme, the
entire display would be refreshed once every 16ms, and each digit would be illuminated for 1/8 of the refresh
cycle, or 2ms. The controller must drive low the cathodes with the correct pattern when the corresponding anode
signal is driven high. To illustrate the process, if AN0 is asserted while CB and CC are asserted, then a “1” will be
displayed in digit position 1. Then, if AN1 is asserted while CA, CB, and CC are asserted, a “7” will be displayed in
digit position 2. If AN0, CB, and CC are driven for 4ms, and then AN1, CA, CB, and CC are driven for 4ms in an
endless succession, the display will show “71” in the first two digits. An example timing diagram for a four-digit
controller is shown in Figure 19.
AN0
AN1
AN2
AN3
Cathodes Digit 0
Refresh period = 1ms to 16ms
Digit period = Refresh / 4
Digit 1 Digit 2 Digit 3
Figure 19. Four digit scanning display controller timing diagram.
10.2 Tri-Color LEDs
The Nexys4 DDR board contains two tri-color LEDs. Each tri-color LED has three input signals that drive the
cathodes of three smaller internal LEDs: one red, one blue, and one green. Driving the signal corresponding to one
of these colors high will illuminate the internal LED. The input signals are driven by the FPGA through a transistor,
which inverts the signals. Therefore, to light up the tri-color LED, the corresponding signals need to be driven high.
The tri-color LED will emit a color dependent on the combination of internal LEDs that are currently being
illuminated. For example, if the red and blue signals are driven high, and green is driven low, the tri-color LED will
emit a purple color.
Note: Digilent strongly recommends the use of pulse-width modulation (PWM) when driving the tri-color LEDs (for
information on PWM, see section 15.1
Pulse Density Modulation (PDM)). Driving any of the inputs to a steady
logic ‘1’ will result in the LED being illuminated at an uncomfortably bright level. You can avoid this by ensuring
that none of the tri-color signals are driven with more than a 50% duty cycle. Using PWM also greatly expands the
potential color palette of the tri-color led. Individually adjusting the duty cycle of each color between 50% and 0%
causes the different colors to be illuminated at different intensities, allowing virtually any color to be displayed.