Rainbow Electronics ATmega32L - Manual (Page 24)

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ATmega32(L)
2503C–AVR–10/02
Crystal Oscillator XTAL1 and XTAL2 are input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can
be configured for use as an On-chip Oscillator, as shown in Figure 12. Either a quartz
crystal or a ceramic resonator may be used. The CKOPT Fuse selects between two dif-
ferent Oscillator amplifier modes. When CKOPT is programmed, the Oscillator output
will oscillate will a full rail-to-rail swing on the output. This mode is suitable when operat-
ing in a very noisy environment or when the output from XTAL2 drives a second clock
buffer. This mode has a wide frequency range. When CKOPT is unprogrammed, the
Oscillator has a smaller output swing. This reduces power consumption considerably.
This mode has a limited frequency range and it can not be used to drive other clock
buffers.
For resonators, the maximum frequency is 8 MHz with CKOPT unprogrammed and
16 MHz with CKOPT programmed. C1 and C2 should always be equal for both crystals
and resonators. The optimal value of the capacitors depends on the crystal or resonator
in use, the amount of stray capacitance, and the electromagnetic noise of the environ-
ment. Some initial guidelines for choosing capacitors for use with crystals are given in
Table 4. For ceramic resonators, the capacitor values given by the manufacturer should
be used. For more information on how to choose capacitors and other details on Oscilla-
tor operation, refer to the Multi-purpose Oscillator application note.
Figure 12. Crystal Oscillator Connections
The Oscillator can operate in three different modes, each optimized for a specific fre-
quency range. The operating mode is selected by the fuses CKSEL3..1 as shown in
Table 4.
Note: 1. This option should not be used with crystals, only with ceramic resonators.
Table 4. Crystal Oscillator Operating Modes
CKOPT CKSEL3..1
Frequency Range
(MHz)
Recommended Range for Capacitors
C1 and C2 for Use with Crystals (pF)
1 101 (1) 0.4 - 0.9 –
1 110 0.9 - 3.0 12 - 22
1 111 3.0 - 8.0 12 - 22
0 101, 110, 111 1.0
≤
12 - 22
XTAL2
XTAL1
GND
C2
C1