Intel 80C188XL - Manual (Page 145)

CLOCK GENERATION AND POWER MANAGEMENT
5-6
An important consideration when using crystals is that the oscillator start correctly over the volt-
age and temperature ranges expected in operation. Observe oscillator startup in the laboratory.
Varying the load capacitors (within about ± 50%) can optimize startup characteristics versus sta-
bility. In your experiments, consider stray capacitance and scope loading effects.
For help in selecting external oscillator components for unusual circumstances, count on the crys-
tal manufacturer as your best resource. Using low-cost ceramic resonators in place of crystals is
possible if your application will tolerate less precise frequencies.
5.1.2 Using an External Oscillator
The microprocessor’s on-board clock oscillator allows the use of a relatively low cost crystal.
However, the designer may also use a “canned oscillator” or other external frequency source.
Connect the external frequency input (EFI) signal directly to the oscillator X1 input. Leave X2
unconnected. This oscillator input drives the internal divide-by-two counter directly, generating
the CPU clock signals. The external frequency input can have practically any duty cycle, provid-
ed it meets the minimum high and low times stated in the data sheet. Selecting an external clock
oscillator is more straightforward than selecting a crystal.
5.1.3 Output from the Clock Generator
The crystal oscillator output drives a divide-by-two circuit, generating a 50% duty cycle clock for
the processor’s integrated components. All processor timings refer to this clock, available exter-
nally at the CLKOUT pin. CLKOUT changes state on the high-to-low transition of the X1 signal,
even during reset and bus hold.
In a CMOS circuit, significant current flows only during logic level transitions. Since the micro-
processor consists mostly of clocked circuitry, the clock distribution is the basis of power man-
agement.
5.1.4 Reset and Clock Synchronization
The clock generator provides a system reset signal (RESET). The RES input generates RESET
and the clock generator synchronizes it to the CLKOUT signal.
A Schmitt trigger in the RES input ensures that the switch point for a low-to-high transition is
greater than the switch point for a high-to-low transition. The processor must remain in reset a
minimum of 4 CLKOUT cycles after V
CC
and CLKOUT stabilize. The hysteresis allows a simple
RC circuit to drive the RES input (see Figure 5-5). Typical applications can use about 100 milli-
seconds as an RC time constant.