H3C Technologies H3C S10500 Series Switches - Manual (Page 114)

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Enhancements in IGMPv2
Compared with IGMPv1, IGMPv2 has introduced a querier election mechanism and a leave-group
mechanism.
Querier election mechanism
In IGMPv1, the DR elected by the Layer 3 multicast routing protocol (such as PIM) serves as the querier
among multiple routers on the same subnet.
IGMPv2 introduced an independent querier election mechanism. The querier election process is as
follows:
1. Initially, every IGMPv2 router assumes itself as the querier and sends IGMP general query
messages—often called “general queries”—to all hosts and routers on the local subnet. The
destination address is 224.0.0.1.
2. After receiving a general query, every IGMPv2 router compares the source IP address of the query
message with its own interface address. After comparison, the router with the lowest IP address
wins the querier election, and all other IGMPv2 routers become non-queriers.
3. All the non-queriers start a timer, known as “other querier present timer”. If a router receives an
IGMP query from the querier before the timer expires, it resets this timer. Otherwise, it assumes the
querier to have timed out and initiates a new querier election process.
“Leave group” mechanism
In IGMPv1, when a host leaves a multicast group, it does not send any notification to the multicast router.
The multicast router relies on the host response timeout timer to determine whether a group has members.
This adds to the leave latency.
In IGMPv2, when a host leaves a multicast group, the following steps occur:
1. This host sends a leave message to all routers on the local subnet. The destination address is
224.0.0.2.
2. After receiving the leave message, the querier sends a configurable number of group-specific
queries to the group that the host is leaving. The destination address field and group address field
of the message are both filled with the address of the multicast group that is being queried.
3. One of the remaining members—if any on the subnet—of the group that is being queried should
send a membership report within the maximum response time set in the query messages.
4. If the querier receives a membership report for the group within the maximum response time, it will
maintain the memberships of the group. Otherwise, the querier will assume that no hosts on the
subnet are still interested in multicast traffic to that group and will stop maintaining the
memberships of the group.
Enhancements in IGMPv3
IGMPv3 is based on and is compatible with IGMPv1 and IGMPv2. It provides hosts with enhanced
control capabilities and provides enhancements of query and report messages.
Enhancements in control capability of hosts
IGMPv3 introduced two source filtering modes—Include and Exclude. These modes allow a host to join
a designated multicast group and to choose whether to receive or reject multicast data from designated
multicast sources. When a host joins a multicast group, one of the following situation occurs:
• If it needs to receive multicast data from specific sources like S1, S2, …, it sends a report with the
Filter-Mode denoted as “Include Sources (S1, S2, …)”.